we had a blip in the 1980's, italy in new york, and it would be interesting to have -- particularly in the york, and it would be interesting to have thomas frieden comment because he was the head of the health system in new york city. if you look at hiv but in africa, one-third of the individuals withhiv are infected with tuberculosis. from the global standpoint it is a huge problem that we are behind in our research effort. we need better drugs. the vaccine is not the best vaccine. we need diagnostics that are essentially point-of-care instantaneous. we tend to forget about tuberculosis, but it is an important disease. host: dr. frieden, tuberculosis on the phone lines? guest: -- front lines? guest: i would make three points. tuberculosis reminds us why public health is so important. you have to have a strong public health department to make sure that every patient with tuberculosis is fully treated because it remains terrible, and everyone of their contacts should be tested to see if they have become infected, and if they have, get them preventive treatment so they do not develop act